• Physiological – climate change, frequent nervous overstrain, inappropriate nutrition, menopause
• Pathological – gynecological diseases, chronic pathologies of internal organs and systems that have a negative impact on the work of the pelvic organs
• Medication – taking hormonal contraceptives, glucocorticoids, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants that can affect the menstrual cycle.

Violation of menstruation in women after 40 years is most often associated with age- related changes in the reproductive system. At this age, the depletion of the ovarian follicular reserve occurs, and the frequency of anovulatory cycles increases.  Such changes in the female body are initially caused by irregular periods, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, then menopause.

In young girls, menstruation disorders is often associated with uneven maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary and ovarian systems. Less commonly, congenital or acquired syndromes, chromosomal disorders, or reproductive system abnormalities can be the cause. Regardless of the cause, the treatment of the failure of menstruation should be carried out under the guidance of a gynecologist.

Symptoms of menstruation disorders

Depending on the etiological factor, menstrual irregularities can manifest themselves in different ways, therefore, a classification of clinical manifestations has been derived in gynecology, including:

• Algodismenorrhea – accompanied by pulling pains in the lower abdomen, nausea, headaches, menstruation failure
• Dysmenorrhea – an unstable cycle, manifests itself sharply without accompanying symptoms
• Hypermenorrhea – profuse flow of menstruation with a normal duration
• Menorrhagia – the cycle lasts up to 12 days with profuse bleeding
• Hypomenorrhea – scanty spotting
• Polymenorrhea – the interval between menstruation is not more than 21 days
• Oligomenorrhea – short periods with a duration of 1 – 2 days
• Opsomenorrhea – rare discharge at intervals of 1 time in 3 months.

In addition to the main clinical signs, there may be other symptoms that worsen a woman’s well-being and quality of life:

• Increased fatigue
• Irritability
• Decrease or increase in body weight
• Pain in the lower back or lower abdomen of varying intensity
• Nausea
   
• Frequent headaches, migraines.

All of the above symptoms should not be ignored by the doctor, who, after the results of the examination, will be able to determine the cause, make the correct diagnosis, choose the necessary therapy, and give recommendations.

How and what to treat

When a woman has a menstrual disorder, the doctor will necessarily prescribe a number of instrumental and laboratory tests:

• Ultrasound
• Histological analysis
• Colposcopy
• Flora smear
• Dad test
• Analysis of blood, urine
• Infectious screening.

The research results will help the doctor get a complete picture, determine the cause, and, if necessary, select drug therapy.

Treatment for menstrual irregularities directly depends on the cause, concomitant symptoms and characteristics of the patient’s body. If physiological reasons are the cause, it is enough to normalize the regime of the day and rest, monitor nutrition, and avoid physical and psychological stress.

When the cycle is disrupted due to infections, inflammatory processes of the ovaries, antibacterial drugs, uroseptics, hormonal drugs, physiotherapy, vitamin therapy are prescribed.  Herbal medicine is prescribed as an aid. The choice of any drug always remains with the attending physician, who will select the required dose and duration of administration.

To regulate menstruation, doctors often advise to follow a diet, to exclude contact with any provoking factors. If the failure of menstruation occurs due to damage to the cervix, the woman may be prescribed surgical treatment.

Treatment and Prevention Tips

In order to avoid menstrual irregularities, doctors in the field of gynecology recommend women and girls to monitor their health, not to self-medicate. Every woman must follow certain rules, as well as have the necessary information:

• Girls’ periods should begin at the age of 10-14 years
• Keep a menstrual calendar
• Visit a gynecologist at least once every 6 months
• Timely treat all gynecological diseases
• Not to self-medicate, uncontrolled intake of medications
• Balance the menu
• Lead an active and healthy lifestyle.

The treatment is suitable for cancers that involve tumors near sensitive parts of the body. But still consult Cancer Treatment doctors in Mumbai, or any other city, as it is finally treating clinician's decision to decide the best treatment for patient. Hope our answer helps you.

Pain in the arm pit can be due to many reasons, infections and breast pathologies being most common. Hormonal changes are also associated with some pain in the arm pit areas. But it is always wise to get yourself examined by a Surgical Oncologist to rule out any pathologies associated with breasts. Self examination is the key to early diagnosis and management of Breast Cancers. Undergoing a simple Mammography can rule out any queries regarding breast lumps or tumors.

You need to consult a oncologist and show him all the reports for proper treatment.

There is no details available regarding the stage of disease and histopathology report which usually decides the type of treatment. Oncologist usually advice biopsy, PET-CT scan, MRI Brain to stage the disease. Treatment depends on the stage of disease. In stage III and IV, we usually give chemotherapy. Targeted therapy or immunotherapy is advised depending on certain biomarkers and stage of disease. 

Any cancer stage 4 does not have a good prognosis. Consult experts through this page - 10 Best Oncologist In India. They on evaluation of the cause will guide through the required treatment.

Enzyme therapy for cancer uses enzymes to break down cancer cells. The advantage of this therapy is that it may be less toxic than traditional cancer treatments and could potentially target cancer cells more specifically. 

As per my understanding your mother is suffering from T-cell lymphoma stage 3. As per literature the survival rate for lymphoma stage III, is of 5 years in 83% of patients. But still she needs to be under observation of an oncologist. Further investigations, treatment all depends on her general condition and stage and type of cancer. Routine cytology with PET scans, and others may be required. But line of investigations is all planned according to patient's response to treatment and doctor's decision. It varies from case to case. Consult an oncologist. You may check this link and get in touch with experts having relevant qualifications - 10 Best Oncologist In India.

Even after complete treatment of cancer there is remote chance of recurrence or cancer coming back . This is the reason that patient has to be on regular check up with oncologist  to detect any recurrence early. 

You must be developing lymphedema of the upper limb. Kindly do regular exercises. Meet a physiotherapist or lymphedema specialist to guide with the appropriate treatment. 

It's important to consult with multiple oncologists and specialists who specialize in her type of cancer to explore treatment options. Seeking second opinions and considering clinical trials could provide additional options

It is possible to cure stage 3 cervical cancer with proper treatment.

As per my understanding, your father is suffering from carcinoma of the right colon with metastasis to lymph node and treated surgically and chemotherapy. Once any cancer which has spread to the lymph nodes it means it is stage 3 where the prognosis is not so good. But still consult an oncologist. Hope our answer helps you. You can refer this page may be - Best Cancer Hospitals in Bangalore.

Your uncle's situation with re­current squamous cell carcinoma on the opposite­ side of his tongue is difficult. Treating this type­ of cancer again can involve surgery, radiation the­rapy, or combining both approaches. The reason for re­currence often ste­ms from remaining cancerous cells le­ft behind after initial surgery. Your uncle­ must consult his oncologist about subsequent treatme­nt options available.